Thousands of years ago, across many parts of the vast Chinese landscape, people would perform an elaborate ceremony as part of a magical ritual to expel evil spirits.

As far back as the Shang Dynasty (c. 16th century-11th century BC) participants would don carved masks made of bone and shells and chant "nuo, nuo" to drive away the devil. Though a lot has changed since then, a special class in Lashi Middle School in Pingxiang, Jiangxi province, is taught where students can learn how to recreate these Nuo masks.

They draw outlines on a pumpkin or melon, then carefully carve out the eyes, nose and mouth. Their teacher, 59-year-old Peng Guolong, is one of the first-generation inheritors of Nuo mask carving at the China Nuo Culture Inheritance and Protection Base.

Peng said these exercises are essential for anyone who wants to be a Nuo mask maker. "Whenever I get a chance, I come to teach, starting with simple carving exercises and sometimes even using clay for practice. The kids are really into it," he said.

"Nuo is our traditional culture in Pingxiang. When we were young, we danced the Nuo dance. But it's hard to pass it on."

The good news is that Nuo masks, known for their intricate designs, are gradually gaining popularity in the market, according to Peng. "These days, they aren't often used in rituals, but many people buy Nuo masks to display at home as art. I've got a bunch of them in my house, too," he said.

Peng is a master in making Nuo masks and has dedicated himself to the field for over 30 years.

The mask maker's home is decorated with a stunning display of Nuo masks on the walls: an imposing red face, the black face of a general or a kind-looking white face representing a prime minister. "I first discovered painting when I was 8. By the time I was 13, my father had taught me the arts of oil painting, Nuo mask carving and embroidery," Peng said.

At 25, he was hired by a company in Guangzhou, Guangdong province, to work in painting and design. In 1996, Peng returned to his hometown to establish a Nuo mask carving factory. "I have a deep passion for Nuo carving, and it is my lifelong pursuit," he said.