波多野结衣办公室双飞_制服 丝袜 综合 日韩 欧美_网站永久看片免费_欧美一级片在线免费观看_免费视频91蜜桃_精产国品一区二区三区_97超碰免费在线观看_欧美做受喷浆在线观看_国产熟妇搡bbbb搡bbbb_麻豆精品国产传媒

USEUROPEAFRICAASIA 中文雙語Fran?ais
China
Home / China / View

Mandela and the China connection

By Bob Wekesa | China Daily | Updated: 2013-08-02 12:24

Mandela and the China connection 

How the great man was influenced by the Chinese during his long walk

If the gushing accolades for Nelson Mandela had taken an eerily somber tone over the previous few weeks, July 18 was a welcome thawing of premonition over the icon's days on earth.

Serendipitously, updates indicating that Madiba's health was looking up came during his 95th birthday, observed as Mandela International Day, the only UN-designated commemorative event in honor of a person. As fate would have it, July 18 coincided with an improvement in his health, setting off a new round of emotional, if optimistic outpourings.

It's the spirit of the times, and China has not been left behind in the global Mandela adoration. On July 18, for instance, Chinese author Li Yong, who has written a book about Mandela, spoke glowingly at a charity event hosted by the South African embassy in Beijing. On the same day, the Beijing-based Young African Professionals and Students Association hosted an event during which members mingled with their Chinese colleagues and international guests, relating anecdotes and episodes of Mandela's eventful life.

The Chinese media has also been awash with Mandela headlines disseminating the continuous flow of official statements wishing Mandela a speedy recovery.

In the words of Li, "Mandela is the greatest person alive on this planet."

Less appreciated is Mandela's link with China. In his best-selling autobiography Long Walk to Freedom, Mandela reflects: "Like the people of the East, Africans have a highly developed sense of dignity, or what the Chinese call 'face'." This refers to the concept of mianzi, a tenet of Confucianism in which losing reputation is anathema in a harmonious society.

In the mid-1940s, Mandela's African National Congress initiated a series of campaigns of defiance against dominant white rule. Although he was one of the ANC leaders, he saw no contradiction in forging alliances with other parties fighting against a common and formidable foe. One such ally was the South Africa Communist Party, whose ideological bent was toward a classless society. Against opposition from some of his "comrades", the ANC entered an on-off partnership with SACP.

Mandela admits he was "handicapped by ignorance of Marxist philosophy" at the time. To rectify that, he immersed himself in the works of Marxist leaders, including Mao Zedong. In his autobiography, Mandela writes: "In Edgar Snow's brilliant Red Star Over China I saw that it was Mao's determination and non-traditional thinking that led him to victory."

He also read works by China's chairman from 1959 to 1969, Liu Shaoqi, and eventually wrote a paper entitled How to be a Good Communist, as an interpretation of communism in the South African context. That paper would be used against him during the infamous Rivonia trials in the early 1960s.

Mandela's pragmatism is such that while he came away from Marxist readings not exactly sold on concepts such as dialectical materialism, he saw the value of appropriating some Communist principles into the struggle. He was more in favor of nationalism blending African cultural principles and some elements of Communism.

Mandela and the ANC also maintained close links with the Yu Chi Chan Club, a study group on guerilla warfare. The club was inspired by Mao's tactics that had led to the proclamation of the People's Republic of China in 1949, ideas Mandela embraced at the time.

One of the earliest contacts between the ANC and the Communist Party of China was in 1953 when Mandela's compatriot Walter Sisulu led an ANC youth group on a clandestine trip to Bucharest, Romania, to attend the leftist World Festival of Youth and Students for Peace. It was clandestine not only because the apartheid administration would have forbidden it, but more importantly because many ANC leaders wanted the organization to be a pure African affair unadulterated by "alien" ideology like that espoused by the SACP. It is Mandela who encouraged Sisulu and other ANC youth to steal away and travel to the event, for which he was later heavily reprimanded.

Mandela is on record saying he suggested Sisulu visit China to discuss acquiring weapons for an armed struggle. From Bucharest, Sisulu detoured to China where he would report the trip as "a remarkable and unforgettable experience". He would also report that the 600 million Chinese people were united in common opposition to "imperialism, the landlord classes, bureaucratic capitalism and the reactionary Kuomintang clique of Chiang Kai-shek".

It is therefore probable that the ANC leadership was among the first of Africa's liberation movements to seek China's support. But as Mandela writes in his autobiography, the Chinese leadership was wary of the ANC's preparedness for waging armed struggle.

To lift spirits during those early days of the struggle, the ANC youth who had visited or trained in China would sing Chinese liberation songs. The ANC's links with China and other Communist states seemed to have emboldened the movement to abandon Mahatma Gandhi's passive resistance approach to armed struggle. Soon, a number of ANC members were traveling to China to train in military tactics and would form the core of Umkhonto we Siswe (Spear of the Nation), the guerilla unit of the ANC that Mandela commanded.

The ANC's links with China can also be seen in the fact that many ANC guerilla fighters were trained in Tanzania, which drew most of its hardware and moral support from China. In his first trip outside South Africa, enroute to his own training as the head of the armed struggle, Mandela recalls meeting Tanzania's Julius Nyerere and being impressed by his socialist frugality.

It would appear that the Chinese leadership's reservations over the ANC's preparedness for armed struggle were not farfetched. This would be demonstrated in the swift arrest and imprisonment of many of the guerilla fighters trained in China. It is a testament to the difference in approach between the CPC and the ANC, the former based on rural uprising while the latter focused on sabotage strikes on urban installations. However, semblance is discernible in how their liberation struggles have been labeled the Long March in China and the Long Walk in South Africa.

When Mandela and his compatriots were jailed for life in 1964, China was among the countries that sent protest notes and called for their release.

Historians reflecting on Mandela's iconic status will probably identify not just his courage and integrity as distinguishing traits but also that throughout the 1980s the tenor of the global free Mandela campaign shaped his towering stature. In China for instance, Hong Kong-based pop group Beyond scored a big hit with the song Glorious Years, praising Mandela's life.

When he was released after 27 years in prison, one of the countries he visited was China. A picture in the ANC archives shows him on the Great Wall.

Given these historical ties, one can appreciate Mandela's severing of ties with Taiwan in 1998 during his tenure as South Africa's first black president and embracing the one-China diplomatic policy.

The writer is a PhD candidate at Communication University of China and visiting researcher at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. The views do not necessarily reflect those of China Daily.

Editor's picks
Copyright 1995 - . All rights reserved. The content (including but not limited to text, photo, multimedia information, etc) published in this site belongs to China Daily Information Co (CDIC). Without written authorization from CDIC, such content shall not be republished or used in any form. Note: Browsers with 1024*768 or higher resolution are suggested for this site.
License for publishing multimedia online 0108263

Registration Number: 130349
FOLLOW US
波多野结衣办公室双飞_制服 丝袜 综合 日韩 欧美_网站永久看片免费_欧美一级片在线免费观看_免费视频91蜜桃_精产国品一区二区三区_97超碰免费在线观看_欧美做受喷浆在线观看_国产熟妇搡bbbb搡bbbb_麻豆精品国产传媒
欧美激情一区二区在线| av在线不卡电影| 亚洲av网址在线| 欧美欧美欧美欧美首页| 亚洲精品久久久久久国产精华液| 国产呦精品一区二区三区网站| 青青草福利视频| 九九精品视频免费| 国产激情精品久久久第一区二区 | www.av成人| 国产视频一区二区在线| 久久国产日韩欧美精品| 美女被到爽高潮视频| 日韩免费观看高清完整版| 日韩av电影免费观看高清完整版在线观看 | 欧美一二三区在线| 丝袜亚洲另类丝袜在线| 无码国产69精品久久久久网站| 欧美日韩视频不卡| 亚洲韩国精品一区| 亚洲av成人精品一区二区三区 | 亚洲av无码一区二区三区在线| 国产艳俗歌舞表演hd| 日韩免费性生活视频播放| 理论电影国产精品| 毛片aaaaaa| 国产精品青草综合久久久久99| 岛国精品一区二区| 在线一区二区观看| 天天综合网 天天综合色| 欧美日韩高清丝袜| 鲁大师私人影院在线观看| 欧美一区二区播放| 美女视频黄a大片欧美| 精品无码人妻一区二区免费蜜桃| 欧美精品一区二区蜜臀亚洲| 国产剧情一区二区三区| 放荡的美妇在线播放| 亚洲精品高清视频在线观看| 欧美激情一区二区三区p站| 日韩一二三区不卡| 韩国三级电影一区二区| 国产盗摄一区二区三区在线| 亚洲综合偷拍欧美一区色| 黄色av网址在线观看| 久久综合精品国产一区二区三区| 国产成人在线影院| 欧美色图第一页| 麻豆精品精品国产自在97香蕉| 美国美女黄色片| 亚洲欧美日韩国产中文在线| yjizz视频| 久久久综合视频| 99精品热视频| 欧美大片一区二区三区| 成人性生交大片免费看中文 | www.av欧美| 国产精品毛片a∨一区二区三区| 无套白嫩进入乌克兰美女| 日韩欧美色综合网站| 800av在线播放| 欧美精品高清视频| 狠狠久久亚洲欧美| 色婷婷国产精品| 青青草国产成人av片免费| 午夜精品一区二区三级视频| 亚洲最快最全在线视频| 亚洲自拍偷拍图| 一区二区三区欧美日韩| 国产美女永久免费无遮挡| 亚洲人快播电影网| 日本xxxxxxxxx18| 亚洲精品日韩专区silk| 欧美人与性囗牲恔配| 一区二区三区欧美日| a级大片在线观看| 一区二区成人在线观看| 亚洲色图 激情小说| 亚洲成人av电影在线| 极品魔鬼身材女神啪啪精品| 日韩精品一卡二卡三卡四卡无卡| 天天做夜夜爱爱爱| 日本不卡在线视频| 91福利小视频| 国产久卡久卡久卡久卡视频精品| 欧美日韩国产免费| 成人免费视频播放| 精品国产成人在线影院 | 国产精品视频线看| 亚洲专区区免费| 一区二区三区精品在线| 亚洲色图100p| 免费久久精品视频| 欧美色精品在线视频| 国产91丝袜在线18| 久久婷婷色综合| 国产激情视频网站| 亚洲精品国产视频| 国产97免费视频| 国产在线一区观看| 日韩一区二区视频| av天堂一区二区| 亚洲欧美另类图片小说| 永久免费看片直接| 国产一区二区按摩在线观看| 日韩亚洲欧美在线| 波多野结衣一二三区| 一区二区三区日韩欧美精品 | 国产又黄又粗又猛又爽的| 日本中文字幕一区二区有限公司| 欧美丝袜第三区| 91日韩一区二区三区| 国产精品欧美一区喷水| 国产精品综合激情| 国产又粗又猛又爽又黄91精品| 欧美不卡一区二区三区四区| 日本一卡二卡在线| 亚洲国产精品自拍| 欧美日韩另类一区| 中文字幕人妻熟女人妻a片| 亚洲三级电影全部在线观看高清| 亚洲色偷偷综合亚洲av伊人| 国产麻豆成人精品| 国产亚洲成aⅴ人片在线观看 | 色域天天综合网| 成人黄色综合网站| 中文字幕一区免费在线观看 | 国模套图日韩精品一区二区| 欧美va在线播放| 一色道久久88加勒比一| 另类综合日韩欧美亚洲| 精品91自产拍在线观看一区| 性高潮久久久久久久| 久久99精品久久久久| 久久久噜噜噜久久中文字幕色伊伊 | 丰满亚洲少妇av| 国产精品美日韩| 午夜写真片福利电影网| 91在线你懂得| 亚洲图片有声小说| 91超碰这里只有精品国产| 亚洲av成人片色在线观看高潮| 天天综合色天天综合| 日韩三级视频中文字幕| 国产中年熟女高潮大集合| 国模少妇一区二区三区| 亚洲国产高清aⅴ视频| 在线免费日韩av| 日本55丰满熟妇厨房伦| 午夜精品一区二区三区免费视频 | 蜜桃视频第一区免费观看| 精品成人a区在线观看| 性爱在线免费视频| 成人免费高清在线观看| 一区二区三区欧美久久| 91精品国产综合久久小美女| 美女爆乳18禁www久久久久久 | 三级在线观看免费大全| 99在线精品免费| 五月天婷婷综合| 久久久精品欧美丰满| 中文字幕av久久爽av| 性高潮久久久久久| 麻豆精品精品国产自在97香蕉| 国产欧美一区二区三区在线老狼| 色婷婷久久久亚洲一区二区三区| 又大又长粗又爽又黄少妇视频| 日本成人在线一区| 国产精品天天看| 欧美日韩高清一区| 99精品欧美一区二区| 成人国产电影网| 日韩专区一卡二卡| 中文字幕国产精品一区二区| 欧美性大战xxxxx久久久| 欧美图片一区二区| 成人性生交大片免费看中文 | 亚洲综合丝袜美腿| 精品国产露脸精彩对白| 色综合久久88色综合天天免费| 少妇搡bbbb搡bbb搡打电话| 精品一区二区精品| 亚洲乱码中文字幕| 久久亚洲欧美国产精品乐播| 色网综合在线观看| 法国伦理少妇愉情| 99久久精品免费看国产免费软件| 日本在线播放一区二区三区| 国产精品久久一卡二卡| 欧美一区二区国产| 全网免费在线播放视频入口 | 依依成人精品视频| 久久亚洲欧美国产精品乐播| 欧美性受xxxx| 中国特黄一级片| 黄色在线免费播放| 成人av电影在线网| 久久爱另类一区二区小说| 一区二区三区四区中文字幕| 久久久久国产精品麻豆ai换脸|