波多野结衣办公室双飞_制服 丝袜 综合 日韩 欧美_网站永久看片免费_欧美一级片在线免费观看_免费视频91蜜桃_精产国品一区二区三区_97超碰免费在线观看_欧美做受喷浆在线观看_国产熟妇搡bbbb搡bbbb_麻豆精品国产传媒

女孩穿粉色，男孩穿藍色，不是很常見么？但這兩種顏色為何成了區分性別的常用色，這個問題倒是值得探究。

By Jeanne Maglaty

艾施倩 選注

Little Franklin Delano Roosevelt sits primly on a stool, his white skirt spread smoothly over his lap, his hands clasping a hat trimmed with a marabou feather.[1] Shoulder-length hair and patent leather party shoes complete the ensemble.[2]

We find the look unsettling today, yet social convention of 1884, when FDR was photographed at age 2 1/2, dictated that boys wore dresses until age 6 or 7, also the time of their first haircut.[3] Franklin’s outfit was considered gender-neutral.[4]

But nowadays people just have to know the sex of a baby or young child at first glance. Thus we see, for example, a pink headband encircling the bald head of an infant girl.[5]

Why have young children’s clothing styles changed so dramatically[6]? How did we end up with two “teams”—boys in blue and girls in pink?

It’s really a story of what happened to neutral clothing. For centuries children wore dainty[7] white dresses up to age 6. What was once a matter of practicality—you dress your baby in white dresses and diapers; white cotton can be bleached.[8]

The march toward gender-specific clothes was neither linear nor rapid.[9] Pink and blue arrived, along with other pastels, as colors for babies in the mid-19th century, yet the two colors were not promoted as gender signifiers until just before World War I—and even then, it took time for popular culture to sort things out.[10]

For example, a Ladies’ Home Journal article in June 1918 said, “The generally accepted rule is pink for the boys, and blue for the girls. The reason is that pink, being a more decided and stronger color, is more suitable for the boy, while blue, which is more delicate and dainty, is prettier for the girl.”[11] Other sources said blue was flattering for blonds, pink for brunettes;[12] or blue was for blue-eyed babies, pink for brown-eyed babies.

In 1927, Time magazine printed a chart showing sex-appropriate[13] colors for girls and boys according to leading US stores. In Boston, Filene’s[14] told parents to dress boys in pink. So did Best & Co. in New York City, Halle’s in Cleveland and Marshall Field in Chicago.

Today’s color dictate wasn’t established until the 1940s, as a result of Americans’ preferences as interpreted by manufacturers and retailers.[15] It could have gone the other way.

So the baby boomers[16] were raised in gender-specific clothing. Boys dressed like their fathers, girls like their mothers. Girls had to wear dresses to school, though unadorned styles and tomboy play clothes were acceptable.[17]

When the women’s liberation movement arrived in the mid-1960s, with its anti-feminine, anti-fashion message, the unisex look became the rage—but completely reversed from the time of young Franklin Roosevelt.[18] Now young girls were dressing in masculine—or at least unfeminine—styles, devoid of[19] gender hints.

One of the ways [feminists] thought that girls were kind of lured into subservient roles as women were through clothing.[20] If we dress our girls more like boys and less like frilly[21] little girls, they are going to have more options and feel freer to be active.

Gender-neutral clothing remained popular until about 1985. All of a sudden it wasn’t just a blue overall; it was a blue overall with a teddy bear holding a football. Disposable diapers[22] were manufactured in pink and blue.

Another important factor has been the rise of consumerism[23] among children in recent decades. According to child development experts, children are just becoming conscious of their gender between ages 3 and 4, and they do not realize it’s permanent until age 6 or 7.[24] At the same time, however, they are the subjects of sophisticated and pervasive advertising that tends to reinforce social conventions.[25] So they think, for example, that what makes someone female is having long hair and a dress.

While the fashion world may have divided children into pink and blue, but in the world of real individuals, not all is black and white[26].

Vocabulary

1. 小富蘭克林端正地坐在凳子上，白色的裙子平整地蓋在膝上，兩支小手抓著一頂帽子，帽子邊沿鑲著禿鸛的羽毛。Franklin Delano Roosevelt: 富蘭克林?德拉諾?羅斯福（1882—1945），美國第32任總統 [1933—1945]，就任總統后推行“新政”，二戰時對建立反法斯西同盟作出重大貢獻。

2. patent leather: 漆皮；party shoes: 宴會鞋，通常為高跟鞋；ensemble: 整體效果，也指全套配合協調的女裝。

3. unsettling: 令人不安的；social convention: 社會習俗；dictate: 規定，命令，也用作名詞；dress: 連衣裙，套裙。

4. outfit:（尤指在特殊場合穿的）全套服裝；gender-neutral: 中性的。

5. headband: 束發帶；encircle: 圍繞，環繞；infant: 嬰兒（期）的。

6. dramatically: 戲劇化地，劇烈地。

7. dainty: 小巧的，精致的。

8. practicality: 實用性；diaper: 尿布；bleach: 漂白。

9. the march: 進展，形成；gender-specific: 針對某一性別的；linear: 連續的。

10. pastel: 柔和的淡色彩；promote: 推廣；gender signifier: 性別標識物；sort out: 弄清楚。

11. decided: 堅定的，堅決的；delicate: 精美的，雅致的。

12. flattering: 悅人的，此處指“適合與……搭配”；blond: 白膚金發碧眼的人（男的一般稱為blond，女的一般稱為blonde）；brunette: 具黑（或深褐）色頭發和淺黑色皮膚的女子，此類男子稱為brunet。

13. sex-appropriate: 適合某種性別的。

14. Filene’s: 位于波士頓的老牌百貨商店，于2005年倒閉。下文的Best & Co.為兒童服飾商店，Halle’s和Marshall Field為百貨商店。

15. preference: 喜愛或偏愛的事物；interpret: 闡釋；manufacturer: 制造商，制造廠；retailer: 零售商。

16. baby boomer: 生育高峰期出生的一代人（之一員），生育高峰期是指二戰后1947至1961年間出生的一代美國人。

17. unadorned: 未經裝飾的，樸素的；tomboy play clothes:“假小子”式的輕便裝。

18. anti-feminine: 反女性特征的，feminine（具有女性特征的）的反義詞為masculine（具有男性特征的）；unisex: 不分男女的；the rage: 時尚，風靡一時的事物；reversed: 反向的，相反的。

19. devoid of: 毫無的，沒有的。

20. feminist: 女權主義者；lure: 引誘，誘惑；subservient: 恭順的，低聲下氣的。

21. frilly: （衣物等）飾有褶邊的。

22. disposable diaper: 紙尿褲。

23. consumerism: 消費主義。

24. conscious: 意識到的；permanent: 常在的。

25. 然而與此同時，兒童也是處心積慮、無處不在的廣告的目標對象，這些廣告也在強化社會習慣。

26. black and white: 涇渭分明。

（來源：英語學習雜志）