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研究：嬰兒15月大就能明辨是非
Babies know difference between right and wrong when they are just 15 months old

[ 2011-10-10 08:42]

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Moral code: Even 15-month-old infants know the difference between fair and unfair.

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It is often thought of as one of the qualities which distinguishes humans from animals.

And a new study has shown that the ability to tell the difference between right and wrong is a skill which even babies can possess.

Infants who show a good understanding of what is fair and unfair are also more likely to share their possessions with others.

Babies in the study were able to differentiate between the equal and unequal distribution of food, showing an early awareness of fairness, scientists said.

There was also seen to be a link between how sensitive the babies were to fair behaviour and whether they would be willing to share a favourite toy.

Jessica Sommerville, associate professor of psychology at the University of Washington, said: 'Our findings show that these norms of fairness and altruism are more rapidly acquired than we thought.

'These results also show a connection between fairness and altruism in infants, such that babies who were more sensitive to the fair distribution of food were also more likely to share their preferred toy.'

The research, published today in the journal PLoS ONE, involved showing two short videos to 15-month-old babies.

In the first, a bowl of crackers was distributed between two people - first with an equal allocation of crackers, and then with one person getting more crackers than the other. The second video showed a jug of milk being shared between two people in a similar way.

Scientists measured how long each of the babies looked at how the food had been distributed, as babies pay more attention when they are surprised.

They discovered that babies spent more time looking at the allocation of food if one person got more than the other.

Dr Sommerville said: 'The infants expected an equal and fair distribution of food and they were surprised to see one person given more crackers or milk than the other.'

(Read by Christine Mallari. Christine Mallari is a journalist at the China Daily Website.)

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這經常被視為人和動物相區別的特質之一。

一項新研究顯示，即使是嬰兒也能夠明辨是非。

此外，那些看上去對公平與否有較強理解力的嬰兒更可能與他人分享自己的東西。

科學家稱，該研究顯示，嬰兒能夠分辨對食物分配是否公平，這表示嬰兒很早就有了公平意識。

而且嬰兒對公平行為的敏感度似乎還與他們是否愿意分享心愛的玩具存在著聯系。

華盛頓大學心理學副教授杰西卡?薩默維爾說：“我們的研究發現，嬰兒習得這些公平與無私的行為規范比我們所預想的要快。”

“這些研究結果還顯示，嬰兒的公平意識和利他行為之間存在著某種聯系，比如那些對食物分配是否公平更敏感的嬰兒也更愿意分享他們心愛的玩具。”

這項研究今日發表在《科學公共圖書館—綜合》期刊上，在該研究進行過程中，研究人員給15個月大的嬰兒觀看了兩個短片。

在第一個短片中，一碗餅干被分給兩個人——先是把餅干平均地分給兩個人，然后是把餅干更多地分給其中一個人。第二個短片中，一罐牛奶按同樣的方式分給兩個人。