波多野结衣办公室双飞_制服 丝袜 综合 日韩 欧美_网站永久看片免费_欧美一级片在线免费观看_免费视频91蜜桃_精产国品一区二区三区_97超碰免费在线观看_欧美做受喷浆在线观看_国产熟妇搡bbbb搡bbbb_麻豆精品国产传媒

Women are more likely than men to display symptoms of depression when in a position of authority at work, according to US scientists.

美國科學家稱，在高層工作崗位上，女性比男性更易產生抑郁癥狀。

In men, authority, such as the ability to hire and fire people, decreases depressive symptoms, the study said.

研究顯示，對男性來說，雇用或解雇員工的權力會減少抑郁癥狀。

The study, published in the Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, looked at 2,800 middle-aged men and women.

研究刊登于《健康與社會行為期刊》上，調查了2800名中年男女。

One expert said the study showed the need for more women in authority and more varied female role models.

一位專家表示，這表示需要有更多高職位女性和更多樣化的女性角色。

Scientists at the University of Texas at Austin interviewed 1,300 male and 1,500 female graduates from Wisconsin high schools over the phone in 1993 and 2004, when they were aged about 54 and 64.

德克薩斯大學奧斯汀分校的科學家于1993年和2004年分別通過電話采訪了畢業于威斯康辛州高中的1300名男性與1500名女性，接受采訪時他們分別為54和64歲。

Flexibility for men

男性的適應性

Researchers asked participants about job authority and about the number of days in the past week they felt depressive symptoms, such as feeling sad and thinking one's life is a failure.

調查人員詢問參與者關于工作職權的問題和過去一周內的抑郁癥狀，如傷感或認為自己很失敗。

When the job included hiring, firing and influencing pay, women were predicted to have a 9% increased rate of depressive symptoms than women without authority.

當工作內容包含雇用、解雇和決定員工工錢時，女性的抑郁程度會比沒有這些權力的女性高9%。

Meanwhile, men had a 10% decreased rate of depressive symptoms.

同時，男性則會低10%。

The study said it controlled for other factors that could cause depression, such as hours worked per week, whether people had flexible hours and how often workers were checked by a supervisor.

研究稱，其他因素也會導致抑郁，如每周工作時間，是否有自由時間和接受上級檢查的頻率。

Scientists also said men were more likely to decide when to start and finish work than women and were less frequently monitored by their advisers.

科學家還表示，男性更易決定何時開始和結束工作，更少受他人影響。

Lead researcher Tetyana Pudrovska said: "These women have more education, higher incomes, more prestigious occupations, and higher levels of job satisfaction and autonomy than women without job authority.

首席研究員泰狄娜稱，相對于地位不高的女性，這些女性受教育水平更高，收入更高，更有名望，有更高的工作滿足程度和自治權。

"Yet they have worse mental health than lower status women."

“然而她們的心理問題比地位低的女性更嚴重。”

Natural female leadership

自然的女性領導權

Ms Pudrovska said female bosses had to deal with interpersonal tension, negative social interactions and stereotypes, prejudice, social isolation, as well as resistance from subordinates, colleagues and superiors.

Pudrovska女士說，作為女領導不得不處理比男領導更為緊張的人際關系，這源于下屬、同事和上司的消極社交模式、偏見和社交孤立。

Dr Ruth Sealy at City University in London said women were often "trapped" by the gendered notion of a good leader.

倫敦城市大學的露絲·西利博士表示，女性經常被成為好領導的性別觀念所困。

When women adopted traditionally masculine behaviours as leaders they were criticised for being unfeminine, yet colleagues would not believe the women were good leaders if they saw only their feminine characteristics, she added.

當女性采用傳統的男性領導方式時，會被批評不女性化，但如果同事只從女領導身上看到女性特點時，又不相信她會是個好領導。

Dr Sealy said: "Because we assume men's 'natural' competence as leaders, women often have had to work much harder to get to those positions, only to find that even when they get there, their 'right' to that status is continuously questioned."

西利博士說：“因為我們認為男性天生就有領導能力，女性必須比男性努力得多才能獲得更高的職位，即便如此，她們仍然會被質疑是否適合那些職位。

She said female leadership needed to be made as natural as male leadership.

因此他認為女性領導需要像男性領導一樣自然。

Dr Gijsbert Stoet at the University of Glasgow said the study was strong from a psychological and social science perspective.

格拉斯哥大學的吉斯波特·斯托耶特博士說，這項研究很明顯地從心理學和社會科學的角度反映了女領導的心理狀況。

He said: "The scientists have used the data from a large longitudinal study and it is very valuable to answer these sorts of questions."

他稱：“科學家們已使用縱向研究中的大量數據進行研究，對于回答這些問題相當有價值。”

Companies should question what they can do to help their workers manage stress, such as providing a staff counsellor, he said.

最后他表示，公司應該為女性做些什么幫助她們處理壓力，例如提供員工顧問。

（譯者 xinxin10 編輯 丹妮）